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Bijoe Emmanuel and others vs State of Kerala and others
In Bijoe Emmanuel and others vs State of Kerala and others, the Supreme Court affirmed that citizens have the right to abstain from singing the national anthem on religious grounds after students were expelled for their refusal. Following a challenge regarding the mandatory singing of Vande Mataram, the Supreme Court noted on 26 September 2026 that the 1986 Bijoe Emmanuel judgment remains the guiding precedent for matters of freedom of speech and conscientious objection.
Fundamental rightsFreedom of Expression